How Do Location-Based Vs Market-Based Scope 2 Methods Differ?

Updated 9/8/2025

Location-based Scope 2 uses average grid emission factors for the geographic region, while market-based reflects specific electricity purchases including renewable energy contracts, RECs, and supplier-specific emission rates per GHG Protocol guidelines.

Dual Reporting Requirement

GHG Protocol Scope 2 Guidance

Location-Based Method

Calculation Approach

Electricity Consumed (MWh) × Grid Average EF (tCO2e/MWh) = Emissions

Data Sources

  1. Government databases - EPA eGRID, IEA factors
  2. Regional grid operators - ISO/RTO publications
  3. National inventories - Country-specific factors
  4. Residual mix where available
  5. Sub-national factors for accuracy

Use Cases

Market-Based Method

Contractual Instruments Hierarchy

  1. Energy attribute certificates (RECs, GOs, I-RECs)
  2. Direct contracts (PPAs, green tariffs)
  3. Supplier-specific rates with disclosure
  4. Residual mix (grid minus claimed renewables)
  5. Location-based (if no other data available)

Quality Criteria for Instruments

Implementation Considerations

Data Collection Requirements

Location-Based:

Market-Based:

Common Challenges

Double Counting Prevention

Geographic Matching

Best Practice Hierarchy:
1. Same grid → Optimal
2. Adjacent grid → Acceptable  
3. Same country → Permitted
4. Same continent → Questioned

Reporting Best Practices

Disclosure Requirements

  1. Dual reporting table showing both methods
  2. Methodology description for each approach
  3. Emission factor sources and vintages
  4. Certificate details for market-based claims
  5. Residual mix availability notation

Performance Metrics

Strategic Implications

Investment Decisions

Stakeholder Communication

Understanding both Scope 2 methods enables organizations to demonstrate both their dependence on grid infrastructure and their active choices to procure cleaner energy, providing complete transparency for emissions tracking and reduction strategies.